Since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, South Asian societies are seeing the values of upper-caste Hindu intellectuals, represented by Hindu nationalism, become increasingly dominant, together with the winners of the neoliberal economy, and those capable of negotiating with representatives of multinational enterprises in the globalizing world. In the meantime, double and triple oppressed minorities in terms of caste, religion, gender, and ethnicity, such as Dalit Christians, and rural Muslim women, have few options to improve their lives under the unequal conditions sown by the widening economic and social divides. Since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, South Asian societies are seeing the values of upper-caste Hindu intellectuals, represented by Hindu nationalism, become increasingly dominant, together with the winners of the neoliberal economy, and those capable of negotiating with representatives of multinational enterprises in the globalizing world. In the meantime, double and triple oppressed minorities in terms of caste, religion, gender, and ethnicity, such as Dalit Christians, and rural Muslim women, have few options to improve their lives under the unequal conditions sown by the widening economic and social divides. In this research project, we would like to propose the concept of “cohabitation” as an alternative theoretical framework, instead of using conventional terms such as “inclusion and exclusion” of the governed, from the viewpoint of “top-down reform” of the imagined ideal civil-society from above. Further, we envision the possibility of cohabitation in their living and intimate spheres from the viewpoint of the substantial political society or counter- publics.